600 Jews Among “Token Refugees” En Route to U.S. Free Port

Learn More about this Historical Event: FDR Shelters Refugees in Oswego, NY

• United States Policy Toward Jewish Refugees, 1941–1952 (Encyclopedia Article)
• The United States and the Holocaust: Rescue Attempts (Encyclopedia Article)
• War Refugee Board: Activities (Encyclopedia Article)
• Fort Ontario Emergency Refugee Shelter (Bibliography)
• Oral Histories: Emergency Refugee Shelter at Fort Ontario (Oswego State University of New York)

Bibliography

Breitman, Richard, and Alan Kraut. American Refugee Policy and European Jewry, 1933–1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Feingold, Henry. The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust, 1938–1945. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970.

Friedman, Saul. No Haven for the Oppressed: United States Policy Toward Jewish Refugees, 1938–1945. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1973.

Gruber, Ruth. Haven: The Dramatic Story of 1000 World War II Refugees and How They Came to America. New York: Times Books/Random House, 2000.

Lowenstein, Sharon. “A New Deal for Refugees: The Promise and Reality of Oswego.” In America, American Jews, and the Holocaust, edited by Jeffrey S. Gurock, 301–317. New York: Routledge, 1998.

Lowenstein, Sharon R. Token Refuge: The Story of the Jewish Refugee Shelter at Oswego, 1944–1946. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.

Marks, Edward B. Token Shipment: The Story of America’s War Refugee Shelter. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, [1946].

Smart, Joseph H. Don’t Fence Me In!: Fort Ontario Refugees: How They Won Their Freedom. Salt Lake City: Heritage Arts, 1991.

Syrkin, Marie. “At Fort Ontario.” In The State of the Jews, 247–254. Washington, DC: New Republic Books, 1980.

Warnes, Kathy. “Don’t Fence Me In!”: Memories of the Fort Ontario Refugees and their Friends. Oswego, NY: Safe Haven Inc., Museum and Education Center, 2004.